GATE Botany Question Paper 2022

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GATE Botany Question Paper 2021

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GATE Botany Syllabus 2022 

Unit 1: Plant Systematics

• Major systems of classification
• Plant groups
• Phylogenetic relationships
• Molecular systematics

Unit 2: Plant Anatomy

• Plant cell structure and its components −
  • Cell wall and membranes
  • Organization
  • Organelles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Anatomy of root
  • Stem and leaves
  • Floral parts
  • Embryo and young seedlings
  • Meristems
  • Vascular system
  • Their ontogeny
  • Structure and functions
  • Secondary growth in plants and stellar organization

Unit 3: Morphogenesis & Development

• Cell cycle: cell division
• Life cycle of an angiosperm
  • Pollination
  • Fertilization
  • Embryogenesis
  • Seed formation
  • Seed storage proteins
  • Seed dormancy and germination
• Concept of cellular totipotency −
  • Clonal propagation
  • Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis
  • Artificial seed
  • Somaclonal variation
  • Secondary metabolism in plant cell culture
  • Embryo culture
  • In vitro fertilization

Unit 4: Physiology and Biochemistry

• Plant water relations −

  • Transport of minerals and solutes

  • Stress physiology

  • Stomatal physiology

  • Signal transduction

  • N2 metabolism

• Photosynthesis, photorespiration; respiration

• Flowering −

  • Photoperiodism and vernalization

  • Biochemical mechanisms involved in flowering

• Molecular mechanism of senescence and aging −

  • Biosynthesis

  • Mechanism of action and physiological effects of plant growth regulators

  • Structure and function of biomolecules, (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid)

  • Enzyme kinetics

Unit 5: Genetics

• Principles of Mendelian inheritance −
  • Linkage
  • Recombination
  • Genetic mapping
• Extrachromosomal inheritance −
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization
  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Gene mutation and repair
  • Chromosomal aberrations (numerical and structural)
  • Transposons

Unit 6: Plant Breeding and Genetic Modification

• Principles, methods – selection, hybridization, heterosis, male sterility, genetic maps and molecular markers

• Sporophytic and gametophytic self-incompatibility

• Haploidy

• Triploidy

• Somatic cell hybridization

• Marker-assisted selection

• Gene transfer methods viz.

  • Direct and vector-mediated

  • Plastid transformation

  • Transgenic plants and their application in agriculture, molecular pharming, plantibodies

Unit 7: Economic Botany

• A general account of economically and medicinally important plants −
  • Cereals
  • Pulses
  • Plants yielding fibers
  • Timber
  • Sugar
  • Beverages
  • Oils
  • Rubber
  • Pigments
  • Dyes
  • Gums
  • Drugs
  • Narcotics
• Economic importance of −
  • Algae
  • Fungi
  • Lichen
  • Bacteria

Unit 8: Plant Pathology

• Nature and classification of plant diseases −

  • Diseases of important crops caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses, and their control measures, mechanism(s) of pathogenesis and resistance, molecular detection of pathogens

• Plant-microbe beneficial interactions

Unit 9: Ecology and Environment

• Ecosystems −
  • Types
  • Dynamics
  • Degradation
  • Ecological succession
• Food chains and energy flow
• Vegetation types of the world
• Pollution and global warming
• Speciation and extinction
• Conservation strategies
• Cryopreservation
• Phytoremediation

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