Class 11 Accountancy NCERT Solutions for Chapter 8 2021: Download PDF

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8: When you don’t know how to solve simple accounting difficulties, they appear more difficult. Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered with our NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8. We bring Class 11 form so that you can simply identify and comprehend the more difficult problems. We’ll look at Bill of Exchange in Accountancy Class 11 Chapter 8 and how it’s managed.

NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter-8 PDF

NCERT solutions for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8

 

 


Download the PDF for class 11 NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter-8

Click Here

NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter-8: Overview

What is the Bill of Exchange?

In accounting, a bill of exchange is a negotiable instrument. It is a legally enforceable agreement between two parties to pay a specific amount of money on demand. They’re primarily employed in international trade. According to the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881, a bill of exchange is a written instrument raised by the maker in unconditional order to a specific person or to a specific person or to a specific person or to a specific person or to a specific person or to a specific person or to a specific person or to a bearer of the instrument to pay a fixed amount on demand. The Bill of Exchange is elaborated in NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8

There are three units involved in the transaction: Drawee, Drawer and Payee

There Are Three Units Involved in the

Drawee- Is the person or entity who makes a payment to the payee.

Drawer-Is the party who demands that the drawee pay the third party the sum.

Payee- Is the party who paid the drawee’s stipulated amount

The title, amount to be paid, date to be paid, payee name and status, identification number, and signature of the drawee are all included in the Bill of Exchange.

Different bills of Exchange 

You will come across numerous sorts of Bills of Exchange in CBSE NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8.

Documentary Bill: As the name implies, a documentary bill is evidence of what happened between the seller and the customer.

papers proving that the transaction took place

  1. Demand Bill: A demand bill is one that is paid when it is requested. It does not have a set expiration date, thus it can be cleared anytime it is needed.
  1. Clean Bill: A clean bill is one that contains no documentary evidence that the transaction occurred.

Foreign Bill: A foreign bill is one that is paid outside of India, as the name implies. Import and export bills are examples of foreign bills.

  1. Trade Bill: A trade measure is a bill that focuses solely on trade issues.
  1. Supply Bill: A supply bill is a bill that is withdrawn from a government department by either a supplier or a contractor.

Access NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8

 Name any two types of commonly used negotiable instruments.

1. Promissory Notes

2. Cheques

2. Write two points of distinction between bills of exchange and promissory note.

Basis of Distinction Bills of Exchange Promissory Note
Drawn by Creditor Debtor
Parties Involved Three parties are involved which are drawer, payee and drawee. It involves two parties which are payee and drawer/maker.

3. State any four essential features of bill of exchange.

The following four features are considered essential for a bill of exchange:

1. The bill of exchange must be in writing

2. A bill of exchange should contain an unconditional order to pay.

3. Drawer of the bill must sign the bill.

4. The amount and the expiry date should be mentioned specifically in the bill of exchange.

4. State the three parties involved in a bill of exchange.

A bill of exchange involves three parties and they are:

1. Drawer/Maker/Holder- Responsible for issuing the bill

2. Payee/Holder- The person who will receive the payment

3. Drawee/Acceptor- One who has to accept the bill

5. What is meant by maturity of a bill of exchange?

The date where the bill is ready for payment is called as maturity of a bill. The date of maturity is arrived after adding 3 days of grace to the due date as per terms of the bill. The concept of due date will further help you in understanding maturity of a bill. It consists of following terms

1. Bill at Sight: This type of bill is due as and when it is presented.

2. Bill after Sight: In this type of bill the due date is calculated from the date the debtor accepts the bill plus the period as per terms of the bill. Maturity date is calculated by adding 3 days to the due date.

3. Bill after Date: In this type of bill, the due date is calculated from the date on which bill is drawn plus the period as per terms of bill. Maturity date is calculated adding 3 days to the due date.

Exceptions to maturity of bill: If the due date of the bill falls on a national holiday (like Independence Day) or on a Sunday, at that time the bill due date is counted one day prior to the original date and if the due date fall on a emergency holiday (like nationwide strike) at that time the bill due date is counted one day later.

6. What is meant by dishonour of a bill of exchange?

The situation where the drawee of the bill of exchange is unable to process the payment as per the maturity date of the bill, it is known as dishonour of bill of exchange. With this liability of the acceptor is re-established and he/she becomes a debtor again. To reflect the changes, the receipt of bill of exchange should be reversed.

7. Name the parties to a promissory note

Two parties are involved in promissory note:

1. Maker/Drawer, Also known as promisor, is the one who is the maker of the note and is the one responsible to pay the sum as mentioned on promissory note.

2. Promisee or Payee is the one who will be receiving the payment.

8. What is meant by acceptance of a bill of exchange?

A bill of exchange drawn by a creditor upon debtor involves an unconditional order to pay in writing, but the same must be accepted by the debtor or someone on his/her behalf in order to make the debtor liable to pay. It is a draft before acceptance by debtor. So once the debtor has written the term “accepted” and signed the document, it is then known as bill of exchange and this process is called acceptance of bill of exchange.

9. What is Noting of a bill of exchange.

A bill of exchange is said to be dishonoured when the drawee is unable to make the payment upon presenting of the bill by drawer. To retain a legal evidence of the dishonoured bill, notary public needs to record it. The charges levied by notary public for recording the failed transaction is called noting charges and the process of recording is referred to as noting.

10. What is meant by renewal of a bill of exchange?

A bill of exchange is said to be renewed when the debtor/acceptor have insufficient funds to pay the drawer and hence requests for time extension in order to make payment. A new bill of exchange is drawn on being agreed by the drawer of the bill. This process is called renewal of bill of exchange. The bill gets renewal only if the drawee agrees to pay a certain rate of interest as decided for the period of extension.

11. Give the performa of a Bills Receivable Book.

Serial Number of Bill Date Received Date of Bill Received From Whom
Drawer Acceptor Where payable Term Due date Ledger Folio Amount Cash Book Folio Remarks
                         

12. Give the performa of a Bills Payable Book.

Serial Number of Bill Date of Bill Given To Whom
Drawer Payee Payable Where
Term of Bill
Due Date Ledger Folio Amount Paid Date Cash Book Folio Remarks
                         

13. What is retirement of a bill of exchange?

When a drawee of bill of exchange has adequate funds and requests the drawer to accept the payment before maturity date, and once the drawer accepts, it is known as retirement of the bill of exchange as the bill of exchange is closed before maturity.

14. Give the meaning of rebate.

The discount received by a drawee from the holder on advance payment of the bill of exchange to the holder (before due date or maturity date) is known as rebate.

15. Give the performa of a Bill of Exchange.

The following is a performa of bill of exchange

Mr. Y (Drawer)

₹ 10,000

  Bengaluru

July 10, 2019

One month after date pay to me or my order, the sum of rupees ten thousand only, for value received
https://img-nm.mnimgs.com/img/study_content/curr/1/13/17/2370/14257/Gr11_Acc_NCERT_TQ_Chap8_DP_Ami_mal_html_26f72040.gif

Accepted

(Signed)

To

Mr. W (Drawee)

July 10, 2019

J.P Nagar, Bengaluru

560078

  (Signed)

Mr. Y

Brigade Road, Bengaluru

560001

Long Answers for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8 – Bill of Exchange

1. A bill of exchange must contain an unconditional promise to pay. Do you agree with a statement?

The Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 defines bill of exchange as, “A bill of exchange is defined as an instrument in writing, containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of, a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.”

One of the most significant feature of a negotiable instrument is an unconditional order to pay. The drawee cannot add any conditions such as payment will be done only if debtors pay or business makes profit.

A bill of exchange must contain an unconditional order to pay for the following reasons:

1. To avoid any kind of conflict at the time of payment

2. To provide security to the creditor and also bound the debtor to pay the amount.

3. To comply with The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.

2. Briefly explain the effects of dishonour and noting of a bill of exchange.

When the drawee of the bill of exchange is unable to complete the payment on the date of maturity of the bill, it is known as dishonour of bill of exchange. With this liability of the acceptor is re-established and he/she becomes a debtor again. To reflect the changes, the receipt of bill of exchange should be reversed.

The following entries will be made in books of holder/drawer (Nonpayment of noting charges):

Drawee A/c Dr.
  To Bills Receivable A/c  
(Bill of exchange dishonoured)  

Entry in the books of drawee:

Bills Payable A/c Dr.
  To Drawer  
(Bill of exchange dishonoured)  

Notary public charges a fee for keeping proof a dishonoured bill. These charges are beared by the drawee of the bill.

Following piece of information are noted by the notary public.

1. Amount and date of the bill

2. Possible Reason for dishonouring of bill

3. Fees charged for Noting

Entries of noting charges in the books of drawer (Payment done for noting charges):

Drawee Dr.
  To Bills Receivable A/c  
  To Cash A/c (Noting charges)  
(Bill of exchange dishonoured and Noting charges paid)  

In the books of drawee:

Bills Payable A/c Dr.
Noting charges A/c Dr.
  To Drawer  
(Bill of exchange dishonoured and Noting charges due)  

3. Explain briefly the procedure of calculating the date of maturity of a bill of exchange? Give example.

The following steps discusses the procedure of calculating bill of exchange maturity date:

1. Determine the due date of the bill as per terms of bills of exchange.

2. Grace period of three days must be added to the due date to arrive at maturity date.

For e.g., a bill having due date of 30 days (a month) is drawn on 1st August then due date is 1st September. Adding 3 grace period we arrive at bill maturity and payment due date which is on 4th October.

Calculation of Days of grace period depends on these situations:

1. Known Holidays: If due date for payment falls on a national holiday or on a Sunday, then payment need to be processed the following day. The following examples will make it easier to understand.

  1. A bill that is drawn on 23rd December with due date of 23rd January, adding the grace period (3 days) the maturity date comes to 26th January. However, as 26th January is a national holiday; so, 25th January becomes the due date for payment.
  2. A bill is drawn on 1st June with maturity period of a month, the due date arrived is 1st July. On adding 3 days of grace, the payment due date is 4th July. However, if 4th July is a Sunday, in this case payment needs to be completed on 3rd July.

2. Unexpected holidays: If due date for payment falls on an holiday due to emergency, then the next day becomes the day on which payment needs to be done. For example, a bill drawn on 1st May with a term of 20 days, then, adding grace period of 3 days, the payment due date becomes 24th May. But, if a nationwide strike gets declared on 24th May, then 25th May is the new due date for the payment of the bill as per rules.

4. Distinguish between bill of exchange and promissory note.

The points of comparison are as follows:

Basis of Comparison Bills of Exchange Promissory Note
What it contains It contains an order to pay It contains a promise to pay
Parties It involves three parties which are : drawer, payee and acceptor It involves two parties and they are: maker/drawer and payee
Drawn by Creditor Debtor
Acceptance Acceptance required by the debtor Being drawn by promissor, it requires no acceptance
Payee The same person can be payee and drawer Promissor and Payee cannot be same
Noting in case of dishonour Dishonouring of the instrument, leads to noting of the bill No requirement of noting
Liability Liability does not rest with the drawer primarily Promissor is primarily responsible
     

5. Briefly explain the purpose and benefits of retiring a bill of exchange to the debtor and the creditor.

Retirement of bill of exchange happens when the holder of the bill of exchange receives a payment from acceptor before the accepted maturity date of the bill. In such cases the bill holder provides some discount to the acceptor and such a discount offered is called “rebate”.

The following are the benefits of retiring of a bill of exchange for debtor and creditor:

1. Improves the trust between two parties in transaction, namely, debtor and creditor.

2. Allows creditor to use the money for further business

3. Rebate provided by creditor becomes revenue for debtor

4. More business transactions can be conducted between two parties.

6. Explain briefly the purpose and advantages of maintaining of a Bills Receivable Book.

In day to day operations, a business receives many bills. Maintaining a journal for all such bills is a cumbersome task. In this case, a specialized book is created which keeps record of all such bills that are received from the debtors. This book contains all the necessary information such as bill date, due date, amount, debtors name and it is summed up on a periodical basis and the balance thus obtained is transferred to debit side of the bills receivable account.

Maintaining a bills receivable book has following benefits:

1. All information pertaining to the bills receivable, such as due date, amount, etc., get recorded in one place, thereby makes it easy to access the records.

2. Likelihood of fraud is greatly minimized as bills are recorded in one place.

3. Higher level of liability and obligation exists on the person maintaining the accounts. If any error is spotted, it can be rectified easily.

4. Time of the accountant is saved as recording of transactions are recurring and similar in nature.

5. As it is a particular book only dealing with bills receivable, it is easy to locate all details pertaining to a specific bill of exchange.

7. Briefly explain the benefits of maintaining a Bills Payable Book and state how is its posting is done in the ledger?

Maintaining bills payable book has following benefits:

1. Quick, efficient and accurate recording of business transactions.

2. Minimizes the chances of fraud as all the bills are recorded at one place

3. A high degree of accountability and answerability on part of the accountant is observed as all the transactions get verified by the same person which leads to easy detection and rectification of errors.

4. As information is documented by an individual, it improves the division of labour and efficiency of organization.

Procedure of posting to ledger:

The recordings from the Bills Payable Book are posted to the accounts of the creditors who received acceptance from the debtors. These books are then totaled periodically and credited to the Bills Payable Account in the ledger.

Numerical Answers for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8 – Bill of Exchange

1. On Jan 01, 2016 Rao sold goods ₹ 10,000 to Reddy. Half of the payment was made immediately and for the remaining half Rao drew a bill of exchange upon Reddy payable after 30 days. Reddy accepted the bill and returned it to Rao. On the due date Rao presented the bill to Reddy and received the payment. Journalise the above transactions in the books Rao and prepare of Rao’s account in the books of Reddy.

The transactions are journalized below:

Books of Rao
Journal 
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Amount

Credit

Amount

2016            
01 Jan Reddy Dr.   10,000  
    To Sales A/c       10,000
  (Goods tradedto Reddy)        
           
01 Jan Cash A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To Reddy       5,000
  (Cash received from Reddy)        
           
01 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To Reddy       5,000
  (Bill received for 30 days accepted by Reddy)        
             
03 Feb Cash A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       5,000
  (Reddy’s acceptance met on due date)        
           
Books of Reddy
Rao’s Account
Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

01 Jan Cash   5,000 2016      
01 Jan Bills Receivable   5,000 01 Jan Purchases   10,000
               
      10,000       10,000
               

2. On Jan 01, 2016, Shankar purchased goods from Parvati for ₹ 8,000 and immediately drew a promissory note in favour of Parvati payable after 3 months. On the date of maturity of the promissory note, the Government of India declared holiday under the Negotiable Instrument Act 1881. Since, Parvati was unaware about the provision of the law regarding the date of maturity of the bill, she handed over the bill to her lawyer, who duly presented the bill and received the payment. The amount of the bill was handed over by the lawyer to Parvati immediately. Record the necessary Journal entries in the books of Parvati and Shankar.

The necessary journal entries are as follows:

Books of Parvati
 Journal
Date Particulars L.F. Debit

Amount

Credit

Amount

2016            
01 Jan Shankar Dr.   8,000  
    To Sales A/c       8,000
  (Sold goods to Shankar)        
           
01 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   8,000  
    To Shankar       8,000
  (Shankar sent Promissory Note for

three months)

       
           
05 Apr Cash A/c Dr.   8,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       8,000
  (Cash received for Promissory Note one day after the

Maturity date on account of holiday declared by Govt.)

     
           
               
Books of Shankar
Journal 
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Amount

Credit

Amount

2016            
01 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   8,000  
    To Parvati       8,000
  (Goods purchased from Parvati)        
           
01 Jan Parvati Dr.   8,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       8,000
  (Promissory note for three months sent to Parvati)        
           
05 Apr Bills Payable A/c Dr.   8,000  
    To Cash A/c       8,000
  (Cash paid on maturity of promissory note)        
           
               

3. Vishal sold goods for ₹ 7,000 to Manju on Jan 05, 2016 and drew upon her a bill of exchange payable after 2 months. Manju accepted Vishal’s draft and handed over the same to Vishal after acceptance. Vishal immediately discounted the bill with his bank@12% p.a. On the due date Manju met her acceptance. Journalise the above transactions in the books of Vishal and Manju.

The transactions are journalized as follows:

Books of Vishal 
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
05 Jan Manju Dr.   7,000  
    To Sales A/c       7,000
  (Good Manju)        
           
05 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   7,000  
    To Manju       7,000
  (Manju’s acceptance received for two months)        
           
05 Jan Bank A/c Dr.   6,860  
  Discount A/c Dr.   140 7,000
    To Bills Receivable A/c        
  (Bill Receivable discounted with the bank @ 12 % p.a. for two months)        
           
               
Books of Manju 
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount

Credit

Amount

2016            
05 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   7,000  
    To Vishal       7,000
  (purchasing from Vishal)        
           
05 Jan Vishal Dr.   7,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       7,000
  (Bill drawn by Vishal acknowledged)        
           
08 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   7,000  
    To Bank A/c       7,000
  (Bill Payable Amount paid to bank on maturity)        
           
               

4. On 01 Feb, 2016, John purchased goods for ₹ 15,000 from Jimmi. He immediately made a payment of ₹ 5,000 by cheque and for the balance accepted the bill of exchange drawn upon him by Jimmi. The bill of exchange was payable after 40 days. Five days before the maturity of the bill, Jimmi sent the same to his bank for collection. The bank duly presented the bill to John on the due date who met the bill. The bank informed the same to Jimmi. Prepare John’s account in the books of Jimmi and Jimmi account in the books of John.

The entries are shown below:

Books of Jimmi
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Amount

Credit

Amount

2016            
01 Feb John Dr.   15,000  
    To Sales A/c       15,000
  (Goods traded to John)        
           
01 Feb Bank A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To John       5,000
  (Cheque acknowledged for ₹ 5,000 from John)        
             
01 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To John       10,000
  (Bill received from John for 40 days)        
             
10 Mar Bill Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
  (John’s approval sent to bank for collection)        
             
15 Mar Bank A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bill Sent for Collection A/c       10,000
  (John’s approval met on due date and bank

got the payment)

     
         
               
Ledger 

John’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2016       2016      
01 Feb Sales   15,000 01 Feb Bank   5,000
        01 Feb Bills Receivable   10,000
               
      15,000       15,000
               
Books of John
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit

Amount

2016            
01 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   15,000  
    To Jimmi       15,000
  (Goods purchased from Jimmi)        
           
01 Feb Jimmi Dr.   5,000  
    To Bank A/c       5,000
  (Cheque payment done to Jimmi)        
           
01 Feb Jimmi Dr.   10,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       10,000
  (Bill drawn by Jimmi acknowledged for 40 days)        
             
15 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bank A/c       10,000
  (Payment of bill done on maturity to bank)        
           
                 
Ledger 

Jimmi’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2016       2016      
01 Feb Bank   5,000 01 Feb Purchases   15,000
01 Feb Bills Payable   10,000        
               
      15,000       15,000
               

5. On Jan 15, 2015, Kartar Sold goods for ₹ 30,000 to Bhagwan and drew upon him three bills of exchanges of ₹ 10,000 each payable after one month, two month, and three months respectively. The first bill was retained by Kartar till its maturity. The second bill was endorsed by him in favour of his creditor Ratna and the third bill was discounted by him immediately @ 6% p.a. All the bills were met by Bhagwan. Journalise the above transactions in the books of Kartar and Bhagwan. Also prepare ledger accounts in books of Kartar and Bhagwan.

The solution is as follows:

Journal Entries in the Books of Kartar
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2015            
15 Jan Bhagwan Dr.   30,000  
    To Sales A/c       30,000
  ( Goods traded to Bhagwan)        
           
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bhagwan A/C       10,000
  (Three bills of ₹ 10,000 each, received from

Bhagwan)

     
             
15 Jan Ratna Dr.   10,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
  (₹ 10,000 bill from Bhagwan endorsed to Ratna)        
             
15 Jan Bank A/c Dr.   9,850  
  Discount A/c Dr.   150  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
    (B/R discounted)        
19 Feb Cash A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
  (First bill for one month paid by Bhagwan, on due date)        
           
                 
Bhagwan’s Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
15 Jan Sales A/c   30,000 15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c   30,000
      30,000       30,000
               
Ratna’s Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c   10,000 15 Jan Balance b/d   10,000
      10,000       10,000
               
Bills Receivable Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
15 Jan Bhagwan   30,000 15 Jan Ratna   10,000
        15 Jan Bank A/c   9,850
        15 Jan Discount A/c   150
        19 Feb Cash   10,000
      30,000       30,000
               
Cash Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
19 Feb Bills Receivable   10,000 19 Feb Balance c/d   10,000
      10,000       10,000
               
Bank’s Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
15 Jan Bills Receivable   9,850 15 Jan Balance c/d   9,850
      9,850       9,850
               
Journal Entries in the Books of Bhagwan
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Amount

Credit

Amount

2015            
15 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   30,000  
    To Kartar       30,000
  (Good bought from Kartar on credit)        
           
15 Jan Kartar Dr.   30,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       30,000
  (Three bill ₹ 10,000 each drawn by Kartar–

Accepted and  returned them to Kartar)

     
           
19 Feb Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Cash A/c       10,000
  (First bill payment completed on due date)        
             
19 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bank A/c       10,000
  (Second bill payment completed on due date to Ratna)        
             
19 Apr Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bank A/c       10,000
  (Third bill payment completed on due date to bank)        
             
               
Kartar’s Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
15 Jan Bills Payable A/c   30,000 15 Jan Purchases   30,000
      30,000       30,000
               
Bills Payable Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
19 Feb Cash A/c   10,000 15 Jan Kartar   30,000
19 Mar Bank A/c   10,000        
19 Apr Bank A/c   10,000        
      30,000       30,000
               
Cash Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
19 Feb Balance b/d   10,000 19 Feb Bills Payable A/c   10,000
      10,000       10,000
               
Bank’s Account
Dr.   Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

(₹)

2015       2015      
15 Mar Balance b/d   20,000 19 Mar Bills Payable A/c   10,000
        19 Apr Bills Payable A/c   10,000
               
      20,000       20,000
               

6. On Jan. 01, 2016 Arun sold goods for ₹ 30,000 to Sunil. 50% of the payment was made immediately by Sunil on which Arun allowed a cash discount of 2%. For the balance Sunil drew a promissory note in favour of Arun payable after 20 days. Since, the date of maturity of bill was a public holiday, Arun presented the bill on a day, as per the provisions of Negotiable Instrument Act which was met by Sunil. State the date on which the bill was presented by Arun for payment and journalise the above transactions in the books of Arun and Sunil.

The transactions are journalized as follows:

Journal Entries in the Books of Arun
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
01 Jan Sunil Dr.   30,000  
    To Sales A/c       30,000
  (Goods traded to Sunil)        
           
01 Jan Cash A/c Dr.   14,700  
  Discount Allowed A/c Dr.   300  
    To Sunil       15,000
  (50% due from Sunil received and

2% Cash Discount allowed to Sunil)

     
           
01 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   15,000  
    To Sunil       15,000
  (Promissory note established for 20 days from Sunil)      
             
23 Jan Cash A/c Dr.   15,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       15,000
  (Cash received from Sunil before

Maturity)

     
             
                 
Journal Entries in the Book of Sunil
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   30,000  
    To Arun       30,000
  (Goods purchased from Arun)        
           
01 Jan Arun Dr.   15,000  
    To Cash A/c       14,700
    To Discount Received A/c       300
  (50% amount due to Arun paid by cheque and 2%  discount allowed by Arun)      
           
01 Jan Arun Dr.   15,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       15,000
  (Promissory note issued in favour of Arun for twenty days)        
             
23 Jan Bills Payable A/c Dr.   15,000  
    To Cash A/c       15,000
  (Promissory note fullfilled one day before the maturity day)        
             
               

7. Darshan sold goods for ₹ 40,000 to Varun on 8.1.2016 and drew upon him a bill of exchange payable after two months. Varun accepted the bill and returned the same to Darshan. On the due date the bill was met by Varun. Record the necessary Journal entries in the books of Darshan and Varun in the following circumstances.

· When the bill was retained by Darshan till the date of its maturity.

· When Darshan immediately discounted the bill @ 6% p.a. with his bank.

· When the bill was endorsed immediately by Darshan in favour of his creditor Suresh.

· When three days before its maturity, the bill was sent by Darshan to his bank for collection.

The entries are shown below:

(i)

Books of Darshan
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
08 Jan Varun Dr.   40,000  
    To Sales A/c       40,000
  (Goods traded to Varun)        
           
08 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Varun       40,000
  (Bill of Exchange duly accepted and returned by Varun)        
             
11 Mar Cash A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       40,000
  (Payment for B/R received for B/R)        
           
               
Books of Varun
Date   Particulars   L.F Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
08 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Darshan       40,000
  (Goods purchased from Darshan)        
           
08 Jan Darshan Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       40,000
  (Bill of two months accepted for Darshan)      
           
11 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Cash A/c       40,000
  (Varun cleared his payment on the due date)        
             
                 

(ii)

Books of Darshan  
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
08 Jan Varun Dr.   40,000  
    To Sales A/c       40,000
  (Goods traded to Varun)        
           
08 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Varun       40,000
  (B/R received from Varun for two months)        
             
08 Jan Bank A/c Dr.   39,600  
  Discount A/c Dr.   400  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       40,000
  (B/R discounted from bank @ 6 p.a.)        
           
                 
                         
Books of Varun
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
08 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Darshan       40,000
  (Goods purchased from Darshan)        
           
08 Jan Darshan Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       40,000
  (Bill of two months accepted for Darshan)      
           
11 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Bank A/c       40,000
  (Varun cleared his payment on the

due date)

       
             
                 

(iii)

Books of Darshan
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
08 Jan Varun Dr.   40,000  
    To Sales A/c       40,000
  (Goods traded to Varun)        
           
08 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Varun A/c       40,000
  (Varun’s approval received for two months)        
             
08 Jan Suresh A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       40,000
  (Varun’s approval endorsed in favour of Suresh)        
           
                 
Books of Varun
Date   Particulars   L.F Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
08 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Darshan       40,000
  (Goods purchased from Darshan)        
           
08 Jan Darshan Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       40,000
  (Bill drawn by Darshan accepted for two months)      
           
11 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Cash A/c       40,000
  (Bill paid to the holder of bill)        
             
                 

(iv)

Books of Darshan
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
08 Jan Varun A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Sales A/c       40,000
  (Goods traded to Varun)        
           
08 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Varun A/c       40,000
  (Bill of Exchange duly accepted and returned by Varun)        
             
08 Mar Bill Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       40,000
  (Bill of Exchange sent for collection to bank)        
             
11 Mar Bank A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Bill Sent for Collection A/c       40,000
  (Bill of Exchange matured and duly collected on date of maturity)        
           
               
Books of Varun
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Amount 

Credit 

Amount 

2016            
08 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Darshan       40,000
  (Goods purchased from Darshan)        
           
08 Jan Darshan Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       40,000
  (Bill of Exchange duly accepted and returned to Darshan)      
           
11 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Bank A/c       40,000
  (Bill of Exchange matured and duly cleared on date of maturity)        
             
                 

8. Bansal Traders allow a trade discount of 10% on the list price of the goods purchased from them. Mohan traders, who runs a retail shop made the following purchases from Bansal Traders.

Date Amount

21 Dec, 2016 1,000

26 Dec, 2016 1,200

Dec.18, 2016 2,000

31 Dec, 2016 5,000

For all the purchases Mohan Traders drew promissory note in favour of Bansal Traders payable after 30 days. The promissory note for the sale of Dec. 21, 2016 was retained by Bansal Traders with them till the date of its maturity. The promissory note drawn on 26.12.2016 was discounted by Bansal Traders from their bank at 12% p.a. The promissory note drawn on Dec. 28, 2016 was endorsed by Bansal Traders in favour of their creditor Dream Soaps in full settlement of a purchase amounting to ₹ 1,900. On 25.1.2017 Bansal Traders sent the promissory note drawn on Dec. 31, 2016 to their bank for collection. All the promissory notes were met by Mohan Traders. Record the necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the books of Bansal Traders and Mohan Traders and prepare Mohan Traders account in the books of Bansal Traders and Bansal Traders account in the books of Mohan Traders.

The necessary journal entries are as follows:

Journal Entries in the Books of Bansal Traders
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
21 Dec Mohan Traders Dr.   900  
    To Sales A/c       900
  (Goods traded to Mohan Traders list price ₹

1,000 at 10% trade discount)

     
           
2016            
21 Dec Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   900  
    To Mohan Traders       900
  (Promissory note established from Mohan Traders

payable after 30 days)

     
             
2016            
26 Dec Mohan Traders Dr.   1,080  
    To Sales A/c       1,080
  (Goods traded to Mohan Traders list price ₹

1,200 at 10% trade discount)

     
             
2016            
26 Dec Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   1,080  
    To Mohan Traders       1,080
  (Promissory note  received from Mohan Traders)      
             
2016            
26 Dec Bank A/c Dr.   1,071  
  Discount A/c Dr.   9  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       1,080
  (Promissory note discounted from the Bank)        
             
2016            
28 Dec Mohan Traders A/c Dr.   1,800  
    To Sales A/c       1,800
  (Goods traded to Mohan Traders list price ₹

2,000 at 10% trade discount)

     
             
2016            
28 Dec Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   1,800  
    To Mohan Traders A/c       1,800
  (Promissory note established from Mohan Traders)      
             
2016            
28 Dec Dream Soaps A/c Dr.   1,900  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       1,800
    To Discount Received A/c       100
  (Promissory note of ₹ 1,800 sent to Dream

Soap in full settlement of amount due to him)

     
             
2016            
31 Dec Mohan Traders Dr.   4,500  
    To Sales A/c       4,500
  (Goods traded to Mohan trades list price ₹

5,000 at 10% trade discount)

     
             
2016            
31 Dec Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   4,500  
    To Mohan Traders       4,500
  (Promissory note established from Mohan Traders for 30 days)        
             
2017            
23 Jan Cash A/c Dr.   900  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       900
  (Promissory note issued on Dec. 21,

2005 was met on maturity)

     
             
2017            
25 Jan Bill Sent for collection A/c Dr.   4,500  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       4,500
  (Promissory note issued on Dec. 31, 2005

sent for collection to bank)

       
             
2017            
02 Feb Bank A/c Dr.   4,500  
    To Bill Sent for Collection A/c       4,500
  (Bank got payment of bill sent for collection

on due date)

       
           
In the books of Bansal Traders

Mohan Trader’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

2016       2016      
21 Dec Sales   900 21 Dec Bills Receivable   900
26 Dec Sales   1,080 26 Dec Bills Receivable   1,080
28 Dec Sales   1,800 28 Dec Bills Receivable   1,800
31 Dec Sales   4,500 31 Dec Bills Receivable   4,500
      8,280       8,280
               
Journal Entries in the Books of Mohan Trader’s  
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
21 Dec Purchases A/c Dr.   900  
    To Bansal Traders       900
  (Goods purchased from Bansal Trader’s list price ₹

1,000 at 10% trade discount)

     
           
2016            
21 Dec Bansal Trader Dr.   900  
    To Bills Payable A/c       900
  (Promissory note issued Bansal Traders for ₹ 900)        
             
2016            
26 Dec Purchases A/c Dr.   1,080  
    To Bansal Traders       1,080
  (Goods purchased from Bansal Traders list price ₹

1,200 at 10% Trade discount)

     
             
2016            
26 Dec Bansal Traders Dr.   1,080  
    To Bills Payable A/c       1,080
  (Promissory note established from Bansal Traders)      
             
2016            
28 Dec Purchases A/c Dr.   1,800  
    To Bansal Traders       1,800
  (Goods purchased from Bansal Traders list price ₹

2,000 at 10% trade discount)

     
             
2016            
28 Dec Bansal Traders Dr.   1,800  
    To Bills Payable A/c       1,800
  (Promissory note issued to Bansal Traders)      
             
2016            
31 Dec Purchases A/c Dr.   4,500  
    To Bansal Traders       4,500
  (Goods purchased from Bansal Traders of list price ₹

5,000 at 10% trade discount)

     
             
2016            
31 Dec Bansal Traders Dr.   4,500  
    To Bills Payable A/c       4,500
  (Promissory note issued to Bansal Traders)      
             
2017            
23 Jan Bills Payable A/c Dr.   900  
    To Cash A/c       900
  (The first promissory note discharged on its due date)        
             
2017            
28 Jan Bills Payable A/c Dr.   1,080  
    To Bank A/c       1,080
  (The second promissory note discharged on its due

date)

     
             
2017            
30 Jan Bills Payable A/c Dr.   1,800  
    To Cash A/c       1,800
  (The third promissory discharged by paying ₹

1,800 to Dream Soaps)

     
             
2017            
02 Feb Bills Payable A/c Dr.   4,500  
    To Bank A/c       4,500
  (The fourth promissory note discharged by paid ₹ 4,500 to Bank)        
           
In the books of Mohan Traders

Bansal Trader’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2016       2016      
21 Dec Bills Payable   900 21 Dec Purchases   900
26 Dec Bills Payable   1,080 26 Dec Purchases   1,080
28 Dec Bills Payable   1,800 28 Dec Purchases   1,800
31 Dec Bills Payable   4,500 31 Dec Purchases   4,500
      8,280       8,280
               

9. Narayanan purchased goods for ₹ 25,000 from Ravindran on Feb. 01, 2016. Ravindran drew upon Narayanan a bill of exchange for the same amount payable after 30 days. On the due date Narayanan dishonoured his acceptance. Pass the necessary journal entries in the books of Ravindran and Narayanan in following cases:

  • When the bill was retained by Ravindran with him till the date of its maturity.
  • When the bill was discounted by Ravindran immediately with his bank @ 6% p.a.
  • When the bill was endorsed to his creditor Ganeshan.
  • When the bill was sent by Ravindran to his bank for collection a few days before it maturity.

Necessary journal entries are as follows:

(i) : When the bill was retained by Ravindran with him till the date of its maturity

Books of Ravindran
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016          
01 Feb Narayanan Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Narayanan)        
             
01 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Narayanan       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance received for 30 days)        
             
05 Mar Narayanan Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Narayanan failed to meet his

acceptance and bill dishonoured)

     
             
               
Books of Narayanan
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Ravindran)        
           
01 Feb Ravindran Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Ravindran’s bill accepted)        
             
05 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran A/c       25,000
  (Bill dishonoured on maturity)      
             
                 

(ii) : When the bill was discounted by Ravindran immediately with his bank @ 6% p.a.

Books of Ravindran
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
             
2016          
01 Feb Narayanan Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Narayanan)        
             
01 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Narayanan       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance received)        
             
01 Feb Bank A/c Dr.   24,875  
  Discount A/c Dr.   125  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance got discounted with

bank @ 6% p.a.)

     
             
05 Mar Narayanan     25,000  
    To Bank A/c       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance dishonoured)        
             
                 
Books of Narayanan
Journal
Date Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Raivnderan)        
           
01 Feb Ravindran Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Ravindran’s bill accepted)        
             
05 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Bill dishonoured on maturity)        
             
                 

(iii) : When the bill was endorsed to his creditor Ganeshan

Books of Ravindran
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
             
2016          
01 Feb Narayanan Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Narayanan)        
             
01 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Narayanan       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance received)        
             
01 Feb Ganeshan Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance endorsed in favour

of Ganeshan)

       
             
05 Mar Narayanan Dr.      
    To Ganeshan A/c       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance dishonoured)        
             
                 
Books of Narayanan
Journal
Date Particulars L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Ravindran)        
           
01 Feb Ravindran Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Ravindran’s bill accepted)        
             
05 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Ravindran’s bill dishonoured on due date)        
             
                 

(iv): When the bill was sent by Ravindran to his bank for collection a few days before it maturity

Books of Ravindran
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
             
2016          
01 Feb Narayanan Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Narayanan)        
             
01 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Narayanan       25,000
  (Narayanan’s acceptance received)        
             
01 Feb Bill Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Bill sent to bank for collection)        
             
05 Mar Narayanan Dr.   25,000  
    To Bill Sent for Collection A/c       25,000
  (Bill got dishonoured)        
             
                 
Books of Narayanan
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Bought goods from Ravindran)        
           
01 Feb Ravindran Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Ravindran’s bill accepted)        
             
05 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Ravindran       25,000
  (Ravindran’s bill dishonoured)        
             

10. Ravi sold goods for ₹ 40,000 to Sudershan on Feb 13, 2016. He drew four bills of exchange upon Sudershan. The first bill was for ₹ 5,000 payable after one month. The second bill was for ₹ 10,000 payable after 40 days; the third bill was for ₹ 12,000 payable after three months and fourth bill was for the balance amount payable after 19 days. Sudershan accepted all the bills and returned the same to Ravi. Ravi discounted the first bill with his bank at 6% p.a. He endorsed the second bill to his creditor Mustaq for the full settlement of a debt of ₹ 10,200. The third bill was kept by Ravi with him till the date of maturity. Five days before the maturity of the fourth bill, Ravi sent the bill to his bank for collection. All the four bills were dishounoured by Sudarshan on maturity. Sudershan settled Ravi’s claim in cash three days after the dishonour of each bill along with interest @ 12% p.a. for the terms of the bills. You are requested to record the necessary journal entries in the books to Ravi, Sudershan, Mustaq and bank for the above transaction. Also prepare Sudershan’s account and Mustaq’s account in the books of Ravi.

The necessary journal entries are shown below:

Books of Ravi
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Credit₹
2016          
13 Feb Sudershan Dr.   40,000  
    To Sales A/c       40,000
  (Goods tradedto Sudershan)        
             
13 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Sudershan       40,000
  (Four bills from Sudershan received: the first for ₹

5,000, the second bill for ₹ 10,000, the third bill for

₹ 12,000 and the fourth bill for ₹ 13)

       
             
13 Feb Bank A/c Dr.   4,975  
  Discount A/c Dr.   25  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       5,000
  (The first bill discounted with bank at 6% p.a.)        
             
13 Feb Mustaq Dr.   10,200  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
    To Discount Received A/c       200
  (The second bill endorsed to Mustaq in full settlement

of amount due to him)

     
             
03 Mar Bill Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   13,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       13,000
  (The fourth bill sent to bank for collection)        
             
07 Mar Sudershan Dr.   13,000  
    To Bill Sent for Collection A/c       13,000
  (The fourth bill dishonoured on due date)        
             
07 Mar Sudershan Dr.   81  
    To Interest A/c       81
  (Interest due on the fourth bill ₹ 13,000 for 19

days at 12% p.a,)

       
             
10 Mar Cash A/c Dr.   13,081  
    To Sudershan       13,081
  (Cash received from Sudershan)      
             
16 Mar Sudershan Dr.   5,000  
    To Bank A/c       5,000
  (The first bill dishonoured)      
             
16 Mar Sudershan Dr.   50  
    To Interest A/c       50
  (Interest due on amount ₹ 5,000 at 12%

for one month)

       
             
19 Mar Cash A/c Dr.   5,050  
    To Sudershan A/c       5,050
  (Sudershan paid the amount due on account

dishonoured of the first bill plus interest)

     
             
28 Mar Sudershan Dr.   10,000  
  Discount Received A/c Dr.   200  
    To Mustaq       10,200
  (The second bill dishonoured, which had endorsed

in favour of Mustaq)

     
             
28 Mar Sudershan Dr.   132  
    To Interest A/c       132
  (Interest charged at 12% on the amount due on account

of dishonour of the second bill ₹ 10,000)

     
             
01 Apr Cash A/c Dr.   10,132  
    To Sudershan A/c       10,132
  (Received cash from Sudershan for the second bill

along with interest)

     
             
May16 Sudershan Dr.   12,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       12,000
  (The third bill dishonoured on due date)        
             
May16 Sudershan Dr.   360  
    To Interest A/c       360
  (Interest at 12% for 3 months charged on the amount due

on account of dishonour the third bill ₹ 12,000)

     
             
May19 Cash A/c Dr.   12,360  
    To Sudershan       12,360
  (Cash received from Sudershan for the third bill along with interest 12% p.a.)      
             
                             
Ledger

Sudershan’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2016       2016      
13 Feb Sales   40,000 13 Feb Bills Receivable   40,000
07 Mar Bill sent for Collection   13,000 10 Mar Cash   13,081
07 Mar Interest   81 19 Mar Cash   5,050
16 Mar Bank   5,000 01 Apr Cash   10,132
16 Mar Interest   50 May19 Cash   12,360
28 Mar Mustaq   10,000        
28 Mar Interest   132        
16 May Bills Receivable   12,000        
16 May Interest   360        
               
      80,623       80,623
               
Mustaq’s Account
Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount 

Date Particulars J.F. Amount 

2016       2016      
13 Feb B/R   10,000 28 Mar Sudershan   10,000
13 Feb Discount Received   200 28 Mar Discount Received   200
               
      10,200       10,200
               
Books of Sudershan
Journal
Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
13 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   40,000  
    To Ravi       40,000
  (Goods purchased from Ravi)        
           
13 Feb Ravi Dr.   40,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       40,000
  (Four bills drawn by Ravi accepted: the first bill for

₹ 5,000 payable after one month, the second for

₹ 10,000 payable after 40 days, the third for ₹ 12,000

payable after 3 months and the fourth for ₹ 13,000

payable after 19 days)

     
             
07 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   13,000  
    To Ravi       13,000
  (The fourth bill dishonoured)        
             
07 Mar Interest A/c Dr.   81  
    To Ravi       81
  (Interest charged for the amount of fourth bill

at 12% p.a.)

       
             
10 Mar Ravi Dr.   13,081  
    To Cash A/c       13,081
  (Cash paid to Ravi for amount due on account of

dishonour of the fourth bill along with interest

at 12% p.a. for 19 days)

     
             
16 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To Ravi       5,000
  (The first bill dishonoured)        
             
16 Mar Interest A/c Dr.   50  
    To Ravi       50
  (Interest charged at 12% p.a. on the first bill for one month)      
             
19 Mar Ravi Dr.   5,050  
    To Cash A/c       5,050
  (Cash paid to Ravi for amount due on account of

dishonour of the first bill along with interest

at 12% p.a. for one month)

       
             
28 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Ravi       10,000
  (The second bill dishonoured)        
             
28 Mar Interest A/c Dr.   132  
    To Ravi       132
  (Interest charged at 12% p.a. for 40 days on the second bill)      
             
01 Apr Ravi Dr.   10,132  
    To Cash A/c       10,132
  (Cash paid to Ravi for amount due on account of

dishonour of the second bill along with interest

at 12% p.a. for 40 days)

     
             
16 May Bills Payable A/c Dr.   12,000  
    To Ravi       12,000
  (The third bill dishonoured)        
             
16 Mar Interest A/c Dr.   360  
    To Ravi       360
  (Interest charged at 12% p.a. for 3 months on third bill)      
             
19 May Ravi Dr.   12,360  
    To Cash A/c       12,360
  (Cash paid to Ravi for amount due on account of

dishonour of the third bill along with interest

at 12% p.a. for 3 months)

       
             
                     

11. On Jan 01, 2016 Neha sold goods for ₹ 20,000 to Muskan and drew upon her a bill of exchange payable after two months. One month before the maturity of the bill Muskan approached Neha to accept the payment against the bill at a rebate @ 12% p.a. Neha agreed to the request of Muskan and Muskan retired the bill under the agreed rate of rebate. Journalise the above transaction in the books of Neha and Muskan.

The necessary journal entries are shown below:

Books of Neha

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Jan Muskan Dr.   20,000  
    To Sales A/c       20,000
  (Goods tradedto Muskan)        
             
01 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   20,000  
    To Muskan       20,000
  (Muskan’s acceptance received)        
             
04 Feb Cash A/c Dr.   19,800  
  Rebate on bill A/c Dr.   200  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       20,000
  (Muskan’s acceptance retired one month before

maturity and allowed rebate at 12% p.a.)

     
         

  

Books of Muskan

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
01 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   20,000  
    To Neha       20,000
  (Goods purchased from Neha)        
             
01 Jan Neha Dr.   20,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       20,000
  (Bill drawn by Neha payable after 2 months

accepted)

       
             
04 Feb Bills Payable A/c Dr.   20,000  
    To Cash A/c       19,800
    To Rebate on Bills A/c       200
  (Bill paid one month before maturity and received

Rebate at 12% p.a.)

     
         
         
                     

12. On Jan 15, 2016 Raghu sold goods worth ₹ 35,000 to Devendra and drew up to the latter three bills of exchanges. The first bill was for ₹ 5,000 payable after one month, the second bill was for ₹ 20,000 payable after three months and third bill for balance amount for 4 months. Raghu endorsed the first bill in favour of his creditor Dewan in full settlement of a debt of ₹ 5,200. The second bill was discounted by Raghu @ 6 % p.a. and the third bill was retained by Raghu till the date of maturity. Devendra dishonoured the bill on maturity and the bank paid ₹ 30 as noting charges. Four days before the maturity of the third bill Raghu, sent the same for collection to his bank. The third bill was also dishonoured by Devendra and the bank paid ₹ 200 as noting charges. Five days after the dishonour of the bill Devendra paid the entire amount due to Raghu along with interest ₹ 1,000 for this purpose Devendra obtained a short term loan from his bank. You are requested to record the necessary journal entries in the books of Raghu Devendra and Dewan and also prepare Devendra’s account in Raghu’s books and Raghu’s account in Devendra’s account.

The journal entries are as follows:

Books of Raghu

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
15 Jan Devendra Dr.   35,000  
    To Sales A/c       35,000
  (Goods tradedto Devendra)        
             
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   35,000  
    To Devendra       35,000
  (Three bills received from Devendra–the first bill ₹ 5,000,

the second bill ₹ 20,000, the third bill ₹ 10,000)

     
             
15 Jan Dewan Dr.   5,200  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       5,000
    To Discount Received A/c       200
  (The first bill endorsed to Dewan in full settlement

of amount due to him)

     
             
15 Jan Bank A/c Dr.   19,700  
  Discount A/c Dr.   300  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       20,000
  (The second bill discounted with bank at 6% p.a.)        
             
18 Apr Devendra Dr.   20,030  
    To Bank A/c       20,030
  (The second bill dishonoured and bank paid

₹ 30 for noting charges)

     
             
             
14 May Bill Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
  (The third bill sent to bank for collection)        
             
18 May Devendra Dr.   10,200  
    To Bill sent for collection A/c       10,000
    To Bank A/c       200
  (The third bill dishonoured and bank paid ₹ 200

as noting charges)

     
             
23 May Devendra Dr.   1,000  
    To Interest A/c       1,000
  (Interest due to Devendra on account of bills

dishonoured)

       
             
23 May Cash A/c Dr.   31,230  
    To Devendra       31,230
  (Cash received from Devendra)        
           
               
Ledger 

Devendra’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2016       2016      
15 Jan Sales   35,000 15 Jan Bills Receivable   35,000
18 Apr Bank   20,030 23 May Cash   31,230
18 May Bills Sent for Collection   10,000        
18 May Bank   200        
23 May Interest   1,000        
      66,230       66,230
               
Books of Devendra

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
15 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   35,000  
    To Raghu       35,000
  (Goods purchased from Raghu)        
           
15 Jan Raghu Dr.   35,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       35,000
  (Three bills drawn by Raghu accepted: the first bill for

₹ 5,000 payable after one month, the second for ₹ 20,000

payable after 3 months and the third for ₹ 10,000

payable after 4 months)

     
             
18 Feb Bills Payable A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To Cash       5,000
  (The first bill discharged on the due date)        
             
18 Apr Bills Payable A/c Dr.   20,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   30  
    To Raghu       20,030
  (The second bill dishonoured and Noting Charges

₹ 30)

       
             
18 May Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   200  
    To Raghu       10,200
  (The third bill dishonoured and Noting Charges ₹ 200)        
             
23 May Interest A/c Dr.   1,000  
    To Raghu       1,000
  (Interest charged ₹ 1,000 on account of

bills dishonoured)

       
             
23 May Cash A/c Dr.   31,230  
    To Bank Loan A/c       31,230
  (Bank loan taken for settling Raghu’s account)        
             
23 May Raghu Dr.   31,230  
    To Cash A/c       31,230
  (Cash paid to Raghu)        
             
           
               
Ledger

Raghu’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount 

Date Particulars J.F. Amount 

2016       2016      
15 Jan Bills Payable   35,000 15 Jan Purchases   35,000
23 May Cash   31,230 18 Apr Bills Payable   20,000
        18 Apr Noting Charges   30
        18 May Bills Payable   10,000
        18 May Noting Charges   200
        18 May Interest   1,000
      66,230       66,230
               
Books of Dewan

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   5,000  
  Discount Allowed A/c Dr.   200  
    To Raghu        5,200
  (Bill Receivable received from Raghu for one month and

allowed him discount of ₹ 200)

     
             
18 Feb Cash A/c Dr.   5,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       5,000
  (Bill met on maturity)        
             
                 

13. Vimal purchased goods ₹ 25,000 from Kamal on Jan 15, 2016 and accepted a bill of exchange drawn upon him by Kamal payable after two months. On the date of the maturity the bill was duly presented for payment. Vimal dishonoured the bill. Record the necessary journal entries in the books of Kamal and Vimal when.

•    The bill was retained by Kamal till the date of its maturity.

•    The bill was immediately discounted by Kamal with his bank @ 6% p.a.

•    The bill was endorsed by Kamal in favour of his creditor Sharad.

•    Five days before its maturity the bill was sent by Kamal to his bank for collection.

The necessary journal entries are shown below:

(i) : The bill was retained by Kamal till the date of its maturity

Books of Kamal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016          
15 Jan Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Vimal)        
             
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Vimal       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance received)        
             
18 Mar Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Vimal acceptance dishonoured)        
             
Books of Vimal

Journal

Date Particulars L.F. Debit

Amount

Credit

Amount

2016          
15 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Kamal)        
             
15 Jan Kamal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal accepted)        
             
18 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal dishonoured)        
             
               

(ii) : The bill was immediately discounted by Kamal with his bank @ 6% p.a.

Books of Kamal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
15 Jan Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Vimal)        
             
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Vimal       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance received)        
             
15 Jan Bank A/c Dr.   24,750  
  Discount A/c Dr.   250  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance discounted at 6% p.a. with

bank)

       
             
18 Mar Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bank A/c       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance dishonoured)        
             
Books of Vimal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016          
15 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Kamal)        
             
15 Jan Kamal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal accepted)        
             
18 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal dishonoured)        
             
               

Case (iii) : The bill was endorsed by Kamal in favour of his creditor Sharad

Books of Kamal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
             
2016            
15 Jan Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Vimal)        
             
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Vimal       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance received)        
             
15 Jan Sharad Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance endorsed to Sharad)        
             
18 Mar Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Sharad       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance endorsed to Kamal dishonoured)        
             
               
Books of Vimal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016          
15 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Kamal)        
             
15 Jan Kamal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal accepted)        
             
18 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal dishonoured)        
             
               

Case (IV): Five days before its maturity the bill was sent by Kamal to his bank for collection

Books of Kamal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2016            
15 Jan Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Sales A/c       25,000
  (Goods tradedto Vimal)        
             
15 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Vimal       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance received, payable after two months)        
             
Mar.13 Bill Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance sent to bank for collection)        
             
18 Mar Vimal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bill Sent for Collection       25,000
  (Vimal’s acceptance dishonoured)        
             
Books of Vimal

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
Case (iii)            
2016          
15 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Goods purchased from Kamal)        
             
15 Jan Kamal Dr.   25,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal accepted)        
             
18 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   25,000  
    To Kamal       25,000
  (Bill drawn by Kamal dishonoured)        
             
               

14. Abdula sold goods to Tahir on Jan 17, 2017 for ₹ 18,000. He drew a bill of exchange for the same amount on Tahir for 45 days. On the same date Tahir accepted the bill and returned it to Abdulla. On the due date Abdulla presented the bill to Tahir which was dishonoured. Abdulla paid ₹ 40 as noting charges. Five days after the dishonour of his acceptance Tahir settled his debt by making a payment of ₹ 18,700 including interest and noting charges. Record the necessary journal entries in the books of Abdulla and Tahir. Also prepare Tahir’s account in the books of Abdulla and Abdulla’s account in the books of Tahir.

The necessary journal entries are shown below:

Books of Abdula

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
17 Jan Tahir Dr.   18,000  
    To Sales A/c       18,000
  (Goods tradedto Tahir)        
             
17 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   18,000  
    To Tahir       18,000
  (Tahir’s acceptance received)        
             
06 Mar Tahir Dr.   18,040  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       18,000
    To Cash       40
  (Tahir’s acceptance dishonoured and ₹ 40 paid as

noting charges)

     
             
06 Mar Tahir Dr.   660  
    To Interest A/c       660
  (Interest charged from Tahir on account of bill

dishonoured)

       
             
12 Mar Cash A/c Dr.   18,700  
    To Tahir       18,700
  (Tahir cleared his account by paying cash)        
           
               
Ledger 

Tahir’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
17 Jan Sales   18,000 17 Jan Bills Receivable   18,000
06 Mar Bills Receivable   18,000 11 Mar Cash   18,700
06 Mar Cash   40        
06 Mar Interest   660        
      36,700       36,700
               
Books of Tahir

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017          
17 Jan Purchases A/c Dr.   18,000  
    To Abdula       18,000
  (Goods purchased from Abdula)        
             
17 Jan Abdula Dr.   18,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       18,000
  (Bill drawn by Abdula accepted, payable after 15 days)        
             
06 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   18,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   40  
    To Abdula       18,040
  (Abula’s bill dishonoured)        
             
07 Mar Interest A/c Dr.   660  
    To Abdula       660
  (Interest charged on account of bill dishonoured)        
             
11 Mar Abdula Dr.   18,700  
    To Cash A/c       18,700
  (Cash paid to Abdula)        
             
Ledger

Abdula’sAccount

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
17 Jan Bills Payable   18,000 17 Jan Purchases   18,000
11 Mar Cash   18,700 06 Mar Bills Payable   18,000
        06 Mar Noting Charges   40
        06 Mar Interest   660
      36,700       36,700
               

15. Asha sold goods worth ₹ 19,000 to Nisha on March 02, 2017. ₹ 4,000 were paid by Nisha immediately and for the balance she accepted a bill of exchange drawn upon her by Asha payable after three months. Asha discounted the bill immediately with her bank. On the due date Nisha dishonoured the bill and the bank paid ₹ 30 as noting charges.

Record the necessary journal entries in the books of Asha and Nisha.

The necessary journal entries are presented below

Books of Asha

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
02 Mar Nisha Dr.   19,000  
    To Sales A/c       19,000
  (Goods tradedto Nisha)        
             
02 Mar Cash A/c Dr.   4,000  
  Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   15,000  
    To Nisha       19,000
  (Cash and Nisha’s acceptance received)      
             
02 Mar Bank A/c Dr.   14,635  
  Discount A/c Dr.   375  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       15,000
  (Nisha’s acceptance discounted with bank at 10% p.a.)        
  Note: In this question rate of discount is not 

given, the rate of discount (10% p.a.) has been

 assumed).

     
             
05 Jun Nisha Dr.   15,030  
    To Bank A/c       15,030
  (Nisha’s acceptance dishonoured and bank

paid ₹ 30 as noting charges)

     
             
               
Books of Nisha

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit 

Credit₹
2017          
02 Mar Purchases A/c Dr.   19,000  
    To Asha       19,000
  (Goods purchased from Asha)        
             
02 Mar Asha Dr.   19,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       15,000
    To Cash A/c       4,000
  (Asha’s bill accepted payable after three month and

₹ 4,000 paid in cash)

     
             
Jun.05 Bills Payable A/c Dr.   15,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   30  
    To Asha       15,030
  (Asha’s bill dishonoured)        
             
                 

16. On Feb. 02, 2017, Verma purchased from Sharma goods for ₹ 17,500. Verma paid ₹ 2,500 immediately and for the balance gave a promissory note to Sharma payable after 60 days. Sharma immediately endorsed the promissory note in favour of his creditor.

Gupta for the full settlement of a debt of ₹ 15,400. On the due date of the bill Gupta presented the bill to Verma which the latter dishonoured and Gupta paid ₹ 5,000 noting charges. On the same date Gupta informed Sharma about the dishonour of the bill. Sharma settled his debt to Gupta by cheque for ₹ 15,500 which includes noting charges and interest. Verma settled Sharma’s claim by cheque for the same amount.

Record the necessary journal entries is the books of Sharma, Gupta and Verma for the above transaction and prepare Verma’s and Gupta’s accounts in the books of Sharma. Sharma’s account in the books of Verma. And also Sharma’s account in the books of Gupta.

The necessary journal entries are given below:

Books of Sharma

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
02 Feb Verma Dr.   17,500  
    To Sales A/c       17,500
  (Goods tradedto Verma)        
             
02 Feb Cash A/c Dr.   2,500  
  Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   15,000  
    To Verma       17,500
  (Cash ₹ 2,500 and Promissory Note ₹ 15,000 received

from Verma for 60 days)

     
             
02 Feb Gupta A/c Dr.   15,400  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       15,000
    To Discount Received A/c       400
  (Promissory Note endorsed to Gupta in full settlement

of amount due to him)

     
             
05 Apr Discount Received A/c Dr.   400  
  Verma Dr.   15,050  
    To Gupta       15,450
  (Promissory Note issued by Verma dishonoured

and Gupta paid ₹ 50 as noting charges)

     
  Note: In this question ₹ 5,000 is given as noting charges,

there is mistake. Here ₹ 50 has been taken as noting

charges instead of ₹ 5,000).

     
             
06 Apr Interest A/c Dr.   50  
    To Gupta       50
  (Interest of ₹ 50 debited to Gupta, on account of

dishonour of Promissory Note)

     
             
06 Apr Gupta Dr.   15,500  
    To Bank A/c       15,500
  (Gupta’s A/c settled)        
             
06 Apr Bank A/c Dr.   15,050  
    To Verma       15,050
  (Cheque received from Verma for the amount due from him)        
             
Ledger

Verma’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
02 Feb Sales   17,500 02 Feb Cash   2,500
06 Apr Gupta   15,050 02 Feb Bills Receivable   15,000
        06 Apr Bank   15,050
      32,550       32,550
               
Gupta’s Account
Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

2017       2017      
02 Feb B/R   15,000 01 Apr Balance b/d   15,400
02 Feb Discount Received   400 06 Apr Verma   15,050
02 Feb Bank   15,500 06 Apr Discount Reserved   400
        06 Apr Interest   50
               
      30,900       30,900
               
Books of Verma

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017          
02 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   17,500  
    To Sharma       17,500
  (Goods purchased from Sharma)      
             
02 Feb Sharma Dr.   17,500  
    To Bills Payable A/c       15,000
    To Cash A/c       2,500
  (Cash ₹ 2,500 paid and Promissory Note made for

the balance)

       
             
06 Apr Bills Payable A/c Dr.   15,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   50  
    To Sharma       15,050
  (Promissory Note dishonoured on maturity)      
             
06 Apr Sharma Dr.   15,050  
    To Bank A/c       15,050
  (Payment made to Sharma through cheque)        
             
Ledger

 Sharma’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

2017       2017      
02 Feb Cash   2,500 02 Feb Purchases   17,500
02 Feb Bills Payable   15,000 06 Apr Bills Payable   15,000
06 Apr Bank   50 06 Apr Noting Charges   50
               
      30,900       30,900
               
Books of Gupta

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017          
02 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   15,000  
  Discount Allowed A/c Dr.   400  
    To Sharma       15,400
  (Promissory Note ₹ 15,000 received from Sharma in

full settlement for 60 days)

     
             
06 Apr Sharma Dr.   15,450  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       15,000
    To Discount Allowed A/c       400
    To Bank A/c       50
  (Promissory note established from Sharma, dishonoured)        
             
06 Apr Sharma Dr.   50  
    To Interest A/c       50
  (Interest ₹ 50 credited on account of Promissory Note

dishonoured)

     
             
06 Apr Bank A/c Dr.   15,500  
    To Sharma       15,500
  (Cheque received from Sharma)        
             
Ledger

 Sharma’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount

Date Particulars J.F. Amount

2017       2017      
01 Feb Balance b/d   15,400 02 Feb Bills Receivable   15,000
06 Apr Bills Receivable   15,000 02 Feb Discount Allowed   400
06 Apr Discount Allowed   4,000 06 Apr Bank   15,500
06 Apr Bank   50        
06 Apr Interest   50        
      30,900       30,900
               

17. Lilly sold goods to Mathew on 1.3.2017 for ₹ 12,000 and drew upon Mathew a bill of exchange for the same amount payable after two months. Lilly immediately discounted the bill with her bank at 9% p.a. The maturity date of the bill was a non-business day (holiday), therefore, Lilly had to present the bill as per the provisions of the Indian Instruments Act.1881. The bill was dishonoured by Mathew and Lilly paid ₹ 45 as noting charges. Mathew settled the claim of Lilly five days after the dishonour of the bill by a cheque, which includes interest @ 12% for the term of the bill. Journalise the above transactions in the books of Lilly and Mathew and prepare Mathew’s account in the books of Lilly and Lilly’s account in the books of Mathew.

The transactions are journalized as follows:

Books of Lilly

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
01 Mar Mathew Dr.   12,000  
    To Sales A/c       12,000
  (Goods tradedto Mathew)        
             
01 Mar Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   12,000  
    To Mathew       12,000
  (Mathew’s acceptance payable after two months received)        
             
01 Mar Bank A/c Dr.   11,820  
  Discount A/c Dr.   180  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       12,000
  (Mathew’s bill discounted at 9% p.a.)      
             
03 May Mathew A/c Dr.   12,045  
    To Bank A/c       12,045
  (Mathew’s acceptance dishonoured bank paid ₹ 45 as

noting charges)

     
  Note: In this question, May 04 has been considered as

Holiday, so the date of maturity will be 03 May, 2017 in

place of May 04, 2017.

       
             
08 May Mathew Dr.   241  
    To Interest A/c       241
  (Interest @ 12% credited to Mathew on account of bill dishonoured)        
             
08 May Bank A/c Dr.   12,286  
    To Mathew       12,286
  (Cheque received from Mathew for the amount due from him)      
             
                     
Ledger

Mathew’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
01 Mar Sales   12,000 01 Mar Bills Receivable   12,000
03 May Bank   12,045 08 May Bank   12,286
08 May Interest   241        
      24,286       24,286
               
Books of Mathew

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
01 Mar Purchases A/c Dr.   12,000  
    To Lilly       12,000
  (Goods purchased from Lilly)        
             
01 Mar Lilly Dr.   12,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       12,000
  (Lilly’s acceptance payable after two months accepted)        
             
03 May Bills Payable A/c Dr.   12,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   45  
    To Lilly       12,045
  (Bill drawn by Lilly dishonoured)        
             
08 May Interest A/c Dr.   241  
    To Lilly       241
  (Interest charged @ 12% from Lilly on account of bill dishonoured)        
             
08 May Lilly Dr.   12,286  
    To Bank A/c       12,286
  (Amount paid to Lilly through cheque)        
             
Ledger

 Lilly’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
01 Mar Bills Payable   12,000 01 Mar Purchases   12,000
09 May Bank   12,286 03 May Bills Payable   12,000
        03 May Noting charges   45
        08 May Interest   241
      24,286       24,286
               

18. Kapil purchased goods for ₹ 21,000 from Gaurav on 1.2.2017 and accepted a bill of exchange drawn by Gaurav for the same amount. The bill was payable after one month. On 25.2.2017 Gaurav sent the bill to his bank for collection. The bill was duly presented by the bank. Kapil dishonoured the bill and the bank paid ₹ 100 as noting charges. Record the necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the books of Kapil and Gourav.

The necessary journal entries are shown below:

Books of Gaurav

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
01 Feb Kapil Dr.   21,000  
    To Sales A/c       21,000
  (Goods tradedto Kapil)        
             
01 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   21,000  
    To Kapil       21,000
  (Kapil’s acceptance received)        
             
25 Feb Bills Sent for Collection A/c Dr.   21,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       21,000
  (Bill Receivable sent to bank for collection)        
             
04 Mar Kapil Dr.   21,100  
    To Bill Sent for Collection A/c       21,000
    To Bank A/c       100
  (Kapil’s acceptance dishonoured)        
             
Books of Kapil

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017          
01 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   21,000  
    To Gaurav       21,000
  (Goods purchased from Gaurav)        
             
01 Feb Gaurav Dr.   21,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       21,000
  (Bill drawn by Gaurav payable after one month

accepted)

       
             
04 Mar Bills Payable A/c Dr.   21,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   100  
    To Gaurav       21,100
  (Bill drawn by Kapil dishonoured)        
             
               

19. On Feb. 14, 2017 Rashmi sold good ₹ 7,500 to Alka. Alka paid ₹ 500 in cash and for the bank balance accepted a bill of exchange drawn upon her by Rashmi payable after two months. On 10 Apr, 2017 Alka approached Rashmi to cancel the bill since she was short of funds. She further requested Rashmi to accept ₹ 2,000 in cash and draw a new bill for the balance including interest ₹ 500. Rashmi accepted Alka’s request and drew a new bill for the amount due payable after 2 months. The bill was accepted by Alka. The new bill was duly met by Alka on maturity.

Record the necessary journal entries in the books of Rashmi and Alka and prepared Alka’s account in the books of Rashmi’s and Rashmi’s account in the books of Alka’s.

The necessary journal entries are recorded below:

Books of Rashmi

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
14 Feb Alka Dr.   7,500  
    To Sales A/c       7,500
  (Goods tradedto Alka)        
             
14 Feb Cash A/c Dr.   500  
  Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   7,000  
    To Alka       7,500
  (Cash received ₹ 500 and the bill accepted by Alka)      
             
10 Apr Alka Dr.   7,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       7,000
  (Alka got the bill cancelled)        
             
10 Apr Cash A/c Dr.   2,000  
     To Alka       2,000
  (Received cash from Alka)        
             
10 Apr Alka Dr.   500  
    To Interest A/c       500
  (Interest charged on the amount due from Alka)        
             
10 Apr Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   5,500  
    To Alka       5,500
  (Alka’s acceptance payable of two months received)        
             
13 June Cash A/c Dr.   5,500  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       5,500
  (Alka’s acceptance met on due date)        
           
                   
Ledger 

Alka’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
14 Feb Sales   7,500 14 Feb Cash   500
10 Apr Bills Receivable   7,000 14 Feb Bills Receivable   7,000
10 Apr Interest   500 10 Apr Cash   2,000
        10 Apr Bills Receivable   5,500
      15,000       15,000
               
Books of Alka

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
14 Feb Purchases A/c Dr.   7,500  
    To Rashmi       7,500
  (Goods purchased from Rahsmi)        
           
14 Feb Rashmi Dr.   7,500  
    To Cash A/c       500
    To Bills Payable A/c       7,000
  (Cash paid to Rashmi ₹ 500 and a bill for ₹ 7,000

drawn by Rashmi accepted)

     
             
10 Apr Bills Payable A/c Dr.   7,000  
    To Rashmi       7,000
  (Bill cancelled before maturity)        
             
10 Apr Rashmi Dr.   2,000  
    To Cash A/c       2,000
  (Cash paid to Rashmi)        
             
10 Apr Interest A/c Dr.   500  
    To Rashmi       500
  (Interest due to Rashmi)        
             
10 Apr Rashmi Dr.   5,500  
    To Bills Payable A/c       5,500
  (Rashmi’s acceptance payable after two months

accepted)

       
             
13 June Bills Payable A/c Dr.   5,500  
    To Cash A/c       5,500
  (The bill met on due date)        
           
               
Ledger

Rashmi’s Account

Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
14 Feb Cash   500 14 Feb Purchases   7,500
14 Feb Bills Payable   7,000 10 Apr Bills Payable   7,000
10 Apr Cash   2,000 10 Apr Interest   500
10 Apr Bills Payable   5,500        
               
      15,000       15,000
               

20. Nikhil sold goods for ₹ 23,000 to Akhil on Dec. 01, 2017. He drew upon Akhil a bill of exchange for the same amount payable after 2 months. Akhil accepted the bill and sent it back to Nikhil. Nikhil discounted the bill immediately with his bank @12 p.a. On the due date Akhil dishonoured the bill of exchange and the bank paid ₹ 100 as noting charges. Akhil requested Nikhil to draw a new bill upon him with interest @10% p.a. which he agreed. The new bill was payable after two months. A week before the maturity of the second bill Akhil requested Nikhil to cancel the second bill. He further requested to accept ₹ 10,000 in cash immediately and drew a third bill upon him including interest of ₹ 500. Nikhil agreed to Akhil’s request. The third bill was payable after one month. Akhil met the third bill on its maturity. Record the necessary journal entries in the books of Nikhil and Akhil and also prepare Akhil’s account in the books of Nikhil and Nikhil’s account in the books of Akhil.

The necessary journal entries are recorded as follows:

Books of Nikhil

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017          
01 Dec Akhil Dr.   23,000  
    To Sales A/c       23,000
  (Goods tradedto Akhil)        
             
01 Dec Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   23,000  
    To Akhil       23,000
  (Akhil’s acceptance received)        
             
01 Dec Bank A/c Dr.   22,540  
  Discount A/c Dr.   460  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       23,000
  (Akhil’s acceptance discounted at 12% p.a with bank)        
             
2018            
04 Feb Akhil Dr.   23,100  
    To Bank A/c       23,100
  (Akhil’s acceptance dishonoured, bank paid

₹ 100 as noting charges)

     
             
04 Feb Akhil Dr.   385  
    To Interest A/c       385
  (Interest credited on account of bill dishonoured

at 10% p.a. for two months)

     
             
04 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   23,485  
    To Akhil       23,485
  (New acceptance received from Akhil for

next two months received)

       
             
01 Apr Akhil Dr.   23,485  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       23,485
  (The second bill cancelled one week before

maturity)

     
             
01 Apr Cash A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Akhil       10,000
  (Cash received from Akhil)        
             
01 Apr Akhil Dr.   500  
    To Interest A/c       500
  (Interest due from Akhil for the bill)        
             
01 Apr Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   13,985  
    To Akhil       13,985
  (Bill from Akhil received)        
             
May 04 Cash A/c Dr.   13,985  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       13,985
  (The third bill met on due date)        
             
                   
Akhil’s Account
Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
01 Dec Sales   23,000 01 Dec Bills Receivable   23,000
2018       2018      
04 Feb Bank   23,100 04 Feb Bills Receivable   23,485
04 Feb Interest   385 01 Apr Cash   10,000
01 Apr Bills Receivable   23,485 01 Apr Bills Receivable   13,985
01 Apr Interest   500        
      70,470       70,470
               
Books of Akhil

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit

Credit Amount

2017            
01 Dec Purchases A/c Dr.   23,000  
    To Nikhil       23,000
  (Goods purchased from Nikhil)        
           
01 Dec Nikhil Dr.   23,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       23,000
  (Bill drawn by Nikhil payable after two months

accepted)

       
             
2018            
04 Feb Bills Payable A/c Dr.   23,000  
  Noting Charges A/c Dr.   100  
    To Nikhil       23,100
  (Bill dishonoured on due date and ₹ 100 paid by

the holder of bill)

     
             
04 Feb Interest A/c Dr.   385  
    To Nikhil A/c       385
  (Interest due to Nikhil for the bill dishonoured)        
             
04 Feb Nikhil Dr.   23,485  
    To Bills Payable A/c       23,485
  (New bill accepted payable after two months)        
             
01 Apr Bills Payable A/c Dr.   23,485  
    To Nikhil       23,485
  (Bill cancelled before maturity)        
             
01 Apr Nikhil Dr.   10,000  
    To Cash A/c       10,000
  (Cash paid to Nikhil)        
             
01 Apr Interest A/c Dr.   500  
    To Nikhil       500
  (Interest due to Nikhil for bill cancellation)        
           
01 Apr Nikhil Dr.   13,985  
    To Bills Payable A/c       13,985
  (New bill accepted payable after one month)        
             
May 04 Bills Payable A/c Dr.   13,985  
    To Cash A/c       13,985
  (The third bill met on maturity)        
           
               
Nikhil Account
Dr.             Cr.
Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹ Date Particulars J.F. Amount ₹
2017       2017      
01 Dec Bills Payable   23,000 01 Dec Purchases   23,000
2018       2018      
04 Feb Bills Payable   23,485 04 Feb Bills Payable   23,000
01 Apr Cash   10,000 04 Feb Noting Charge   100
01 Apr Bills Payable   13,985 04 Feb Interest   385
        01 Apr Bills Payable   23,485
        01 Apr Interest   500
      70,470       70,470
               

21. On Jan 01, 2017 Vibha sold goods worth ₹ 18,000 to Sudha and drew upon the latter a bill of exchange for the same amount payable after two months. Sudha accepted Vibha’s draft and returned the same to Vibha after acceptance. Vibha endorsed the bill immediately in favour of her creditor Geeta. Five days before the maturity of the bill Sudha requested Vibha to cancel the bill since she was short of funds. She further requested to draw a new bill upon her including interest of ₹ 200. Vibha accepted Sudha’s request. Vibha took the bill from Geeta by making the payment to her in cash and cancelled the same. Then she drew a new bill upon Sudha as agreed. The new bill was payable after one month. The new bill was duly met by Sudha on maturity. Record the necessary journal entries in the books of Vibha.

The necessary journal entries are recorded as follows:

Books of Vibha

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
01 Jan Sudha Dr.   18,000  
    To Sales A/c       18,000
  (Goods tradedto Sudha)        
             
01 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   18,000  
    To Sudha       18,000
  (Sudha’s acceptance received)        
             
01 Jan Geeta Dr.   18,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       18,000
  (Sudha’s acceptance endorsed in favour of Geeta)        
             
27 Feb Sudha Dr.   18,000  
    To Geeta       18,000
  (Sudha cancelled the bill five days before the maturity)        
             
27 Feb Geeta Dr.   18,000  
    To Cash A/c       18,000
  (Cash paid to Geeta)        
             
27 Feb Sudha     200  
    To Interest A/c       200
  (Interest credited to Sudha on account of

cancelling the bill )

       
             
27 Feb Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   18,200  
    To Sudha       18,200
  (New bill received from Sudha)        
             
02 Mar Cash A/c Dr.   18,200  
    To Sudha       18,200
  (Sudha’s acceptance met on due date)        
             

22. Following was the position of debtor and creditor of Gautam as on 1.1.2017.

Debtors Creditors

₹ ₹

Babu 5,000 –

Chanderkala 8,000 –

Kiran 13,500 –

Anita 14,000 –

Anju – 5,000

Sheiba – 12,000

Manju – 6,000

 

The following transactions took place in the month of Jan 2017:

Jan. 02 Drew on Babu at two months after date at full settlement for ₹ 4,800. Babu accepted the bill and returned it on 5.1.2017.

Jan. 04 Babu’s bill discounted for ₹ 4,750.

Jan. 08 Chanderkala sent a promissory note for ₹ 8,000 payable three months after date.

Jan. 10 Promissory note established from Chanderkala discounted for ₹ 7,900

Jan. 12 Accepted Sheiba draft for the amount due payable two months after date.

Jan. 22 Anita sent his promissory note payable after two months.

Jan. 23 Anita’s promissory note endorsed in favour of Manju.

Jan. 25 Accepted Anju’s draft payable after three months.

Jan. 29 Kiran sent ₹ 2,000 in cash and a promissory note for the balance payable after three months.

Record the above transactions in the proper subsidiary books.

The transactions are recorded in the books below:

Bills Receivable Book
No. Date of Bill

2017

Date Received 

2016

From whom 

of Bill

Drawer 

whom 

received

Acceptor Where Term 

Payable

Due date 

2016

L.F. Amount

Cash 

Book 

Folio

Remarks
01 02 Jan 05 Jan Babu Self Babu   2 months 05 Mar   4,800    
                         
                         
                         
                Total   4,800    
Bills Payable Book
No. Date of Bill

2017

To Whom

Given

Drawer Payee Where 

payable

Term Due date 

2017

Ledger Amount

Date 

paid

Cash 

Book 

Folio

Remarks
01 12 Jan Sheiba Sheiba   2 months 15 Mar   12,000      
02 25 Jan Anju Anju   2 months 28 Apr   5,000      
                         
                         
              Total   17,000      
Cash Book
Dr.                 Cr.
Date Particulars L.F. Cash

Bank

Date Particulars L.F. Cash

 ₹

Bank 

2017         2017        
04 Jan Bills Receivable     4,750          
10 Jan Bills Receivable     7,900          
29 Jan Kiran   2,000   31 Jan Balance c/d   2,000 12,650
                   
      2,000 12,650       2,000 12,650
                   
 Books of Gautam

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
05 Jan Discount Allowed A/c Dr.   200  
    To Babu       200
  (Babu’s acceptance received and allowed him

discount ₹ 200)

     
             
04 Jan Discount A/c Dr.   50  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       50
  (Babu’s acceptance discounted with a discount

charge of ₹ 50)

       
             
08 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   8,000  
    To Chanderkala       8,000
  (Promissory Note from Chanderkala received)      
             
10 Jan Discount A/c Dr.   100  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       100
  (Chanderkala’s Promissory Note discounted with bank

at discount of ₹ 100)

     
             
22 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   14,000  
    To Anita       14,000
  (Promissory note established from Anita)      
             
23 Jan Manju Dr.   14,000  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       14,000
  (Anita’s Promissory Note endorsed to Manju)        
             
29 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   11,500  
    To Kiran       11,500
  (Promissory Note from Kiran received)      
             
                 

23. On Jan. 01, 2017 Harsh accepted a month bill for ₹ 10,000 drawn on him by Tanu for latter’s benefit. Tanu discounted the bill on same day @ 8% p.a. On the due date Tanu sent a cheque to Harsh for honour the bill. Harsh duly honoured his acceptance. Record the journal entries in the Books of Tanu and Harsh.

The journal entries recorded are shown below:

Books of Tanu

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017            
01 Jan Bills Receivable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Harsh       10,000
  (Harsh’s acceptance received)        
             
01 Jan Bank A/c Dr.   9,933  
  Discount A/c     67  
    To Bills Receivable A/c       10,000
  (Harsh’s acceptance discounted at 8% p.a.

for one month)

       
             
04 Feb Harsha Dr.   10,000  
    To Bank A/c       10,000
  (Harsh’s account settled by paying amount

due to Harsh through cheque)

     
             
               
Books of Harsh

Journal

Date   Particulars   L.F. Debit ₹ Credit₹
2017          
01 Jan Tanu Dr.   10,000  
    To Bills Payable A/c       10,000
  (Bill drawn by Tanu accepted)        
             
04 Feb Bank A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Tanu       10,000
  (Cheque received from Tanu)        
             
04 Feb Bills Payable A/c Dr.   10,000  
    To Bank A/c       10,000
  (Bill drawn by Tanu met on due date)        
             
                 

Concepts covered in this chapter

Access Other Chapters and NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 8

You can download the PDF of NCERT Solutions Class 11 Accountancy for Chapter 8 other chapters:

Chapter-1 Introduction to Accounting

Chapter-2 Theory Base Of Accounting

Chapter-3 Recording Of Transactions – I

Chapter-4 Recording Of Transactions – II

Chapter-5 Bank Reconciliation Statement

Chapter-6 Trial Balance And Rectification Of Errors

Chapter-7 Depreciation, Provisions, and Reserves

Chapter-9 Financial Statements – I

Chapter-10 Financial Statements – II

Chapter-11 Accounts From Incomplete Records

Chapter-12 Applications Of Computers In Accounting

Chapter-13 Computerised Accounting System

Chapter-14 Depreciation

Chapter-15 Bank Reconciliation Statement

We have provided all the important above in the article regarding the CBSE NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Accountancy Chapter-8. If you have any queries, you can mention them in the comment section.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions):NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy Ch-8 

What is the difference between promissory notes and bills of exchange?

Bills of exchange are written instruments that carry an unconditional order to pay a specific amount of money from the maker to the bearer. A promissory note is a written document signed by the creator as an unconditional promise to pay a specific amount to the bearer of the instrument. Three parties are engaged in a Bill of Exchange: the drawer, the drawee, and the payee. Only two parties are involved in a promissory note: the maker and the payee. Before payment, the drawee must always accept the bill of exchange. While a promissory note does not require the drawee’s acceptance, a promissory note does. A payee and drawer in a Bill of Exchange can be the same individual. While in a promissory note, payee and drawers are different.

What is the significance of the exchange bill?

The importance of a bill of exchange is that it reduces the risk of exporting. Between states and countries, there are different laws and conventions regarding transportation and methods. Trading outside of the country has a higher level of risk than trading within the country.
As a result, the risk of dealing outside the country is reduced by the bill of change. The currency rate varies, and bills of exchange safeguard exporters by guaranteeing a fixed amount of payment. Bills of trade are essentially legal documents. If the drawee fails to pay the amount, for example, the drawer can use the Bill of Exchange as evidence to legally collect the money.

Name the parties to a promissory note

A promissory note’s parties are listed below.
The promissory note’s maker, who agrees to pay the sum of the promissory note.
The payee is the person who receives the payment.

What is meant by acceptance of a bill of exchange?

A bill is drawn in the name of the individual who owes the money. In other words, creditors issue a bill of exchange to their debtors, instructing them to pay a specified sum on a specific date. A bill is usually drawn by a seller to a buyer. The bill for the amount payable on account of the credit sales is accepted by the buyer. Other than credit purchases, the bill may be accepted for the amount owed, such as commissions due, salary owed, and so on. A bill cannot exist until the debtor accepts it.

Leave a Comment